Profile Major Works Resources

Kenneth E. Boulding, 1910-1993

Photo of K.E. Boulding

Kenneth Ewart Boulding never knew any boundaries.  Born was born in humble circumstances to a working-class family in Liverpool, England. He overcame class prejudice to win a scholarship to a prestigious local high school and an undergraduate scholarship in chemistry at New College, Oxford in 1928.  Under the advice of Lionel Robbins, Boulding switched from chemistry to economics and published his first paper (1932) while still an undergraduate.   Although raised a strong Methodist,  Boulding converted and joined the Society of Friends (Quakers) during his first year of Oxford.  Boulding's devout Quaker faith and dedicated pacifism would be an important guiding influence for the remainder of his life. 

Kenneth E. Boulding sailed to the United States of America as a Commonwealth fellow in 1932, to spend two years at the University of Chicago.  At Chicago, Boulding came under the influence of both Frank Knight and Henry Schultz and wrote a series of papers on capital theory (entering the capital debate contra Austrians). A chance meeting with Joseph Schumpeter on the transatlantic crossing induced him to also spend a semester at Harvard during his stay.  Deciding not to pick up a Ph.D. at Chicago, Boulding returned to Britain in 1934.  He went up to Scotland as an assistant lecturer at the University of Edinburgh.  Although Edinburgh was not as intellectually vibrant as Chicago or Harvard, Boulding was introduced to accounting during his period, which he would later deploy in his thinking.  

In 1937, Boulding crossed back over to America to attend a Quaker conference in Philadelphia, and almost by chance landed a job at Colgate University.  During his time at Colgate, Boulding wrote his monumental two-volume textbook, Economic Analysis - the epitome of the Neoclassical- Keynesian Synthesis.  Around the same time he met and married Else Bjorn-Hansen, a sociologist who would be highly influential on his work.  After four years at Colgate, Boulding proceeded peripatetically around the country.  He worked at the League of Nations at Princeton (he was forced to resign after publishing a tract on pacifism in 1942), then at Fisk University in Tennessee.  In 1943, he moved to Iowa State College at Ames (at T.W. Schultz's invitation, as a labor economist).

The geographically-unbounded Boulding was also intellectually unbounded - perhaps a legacy of his early mentor and greatest influence, Frank Knight. His early work on opportunity cost, capital theory and his 1941 textbook were exercises in mostly conventional economics - which earned him the prestigious John Bates Clark Medal of the AEA in 1949 (and the Presidency in 1968).

It was at Iowa State that Boulding wrote his 1944 paper on liquidity preference and his famous 1950 Reconstruction of Economics. These were attempts at reconstructing economics around a balance-sheet approach (rather than income statement), thus analyzing the economy with emphasis on stocks rather than flows. Boulding traces the inspiration for this approach to Adam Smith and reaches conclusion similar to Keynes's Treatise, and can be said to be a contribution in the Post Keynesian vein. Boulding would later characterize his macroeconomic theory of distribution built out in his Reconstruction as his most important contribution, and regretted it not receiving sufficient attention.

Boulding moved to University of Michigan in 1949.  By this time, Boulding realized the importance of using other disciplines, like sociology, anthropology, political science, and even philosophy and theology to tackle real world economic problems.  The economy should not be analyzed in isolation, but conceived as part of a general social system.  Boulding began to engage in cross-disciplinary work, and opening discussions toward a general integration of the social sciences.  As he would later remember, the social scientists "did not want to be integrated very much", but he found much interest among biologists, physicists and engineers.

Drawing on his experience with church activities, Boulding wrote his Organizational Revolution (1953) examining the operation and impact of large-scale organizations (like unions, churches. etc.) for social improvement. Advancements in communications technology since the late 19th Century had enabled the emergence of large organizations, to organize towards a goal.  But many had become too large for their own good, and more liable to become crippled by internal defects, politics, misdirection and inadvertent outsized impacts.  Boulding argues that the diffusion among many organizations works better to achieving social improvements, then amalgamating into a single large organization.

Boulding spent a year (1954-55) at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, which he credits as one of his most creative.  During that year, Boulding was one of the founders, with mathematician Anatol Rappoport and biologists Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Ralph Gerard, of the Society of General Systems Research (now the International Society for the System Sciences, ISSS), which was dedicated to taking a integrated cross-disciplinary approach to the analysis of general systems. 

It was towards the end of his Stanford year that Boulding wrote The Image (1956), one of his more broadly influential works.  He recited it on a dictaphone in nine days.  Discarding behaviorism, Boulding emphasizes how individual human behavior is guided by subjective constructed worldviews ("image") rather than immediate stimuli.  Worldviews are constructed by consciousness and knowledge of one's history, society, influences, etc. New information gets processed by a worldview, and may also sometimes transform it.  Boulding outlines a co-evolutionary vision of individual and society.  He proposes a new science of "eiconomics" (study of images, i.e. human knowledge) and how it can be built from other sciences.  Boulding would later call it an attempt to bring humanities into the social sciences.

On his return to Michigan, Boulding established the Center for Research in Conflict Resolution and the Journal of Conflict Resolution as an application of the integrated social science approach towards the goal of peace. Another year abroad at the University of the West Indies (1959-60) led to another influential work Conflict and Defense (1962) to provide the analytical foundations of peace studies.  He breaks up social systems into exchange systems (this for that, motivation by self-interest, prevalent in the economy),  threat systems (if..then, motivation by fear, as in the judicial system), and integrative systems (one-sided grants, motivated by love, as in a family).  All three systems are essential for society, but while the scope of some (e.g. exchange) have expanded, integrative systems have diminished, or never had a proper chance to develop beyond a small nuclear unit.

Yet another year abroad the International Christian University in Japan (1963-64) led to his first work on evolutionary economics proper (1970), drawing from biology to propose a new analysis of human history, through mutation and selection, as a "non-dialectical" counterpoint to the Marxism then popular among his Japanese students.  Out of his reflections on evolutionary selection in an ecological environment, Boulding authored a small article in 1966 on "Spaceship Earth", which many have since credited as the beginning of ecological economics. 

In line with his life-long pacifism, Boulding led the first "teach-in" against the Vietnam War in March 1965 at University of Michigan.  In 1967, K.E. Boulding moved to the University of Colorado at Boulder.

As he would later put it, Kenneth E. Boulding lived "on the uneasy margin between science and religion", and was a forceful advocate of bringing ethical, religious and ecological concerns to bear on the analysis of desirable economic outcomes. He was also a ceaseless activist for the trans-disciplinary work and the general integration of the social sciences. Boulding was also something of a poet (see his sonnets, 1945), ethical and social philosopher (e.g. 1968) and, as his practical efforts demonstrate, a scholar of social conflict, war and peace (e.g. 1962, 1968, 1978, 1985).

 

  


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Major works of Kenneth E. Boulding

  • "The Place of the Displacement Cost Concept in Economic Theory", 1932, EJ, (May)
  • "The Application of the Pure Theory of Population to the Theory of Capital", 1934, QJE, (Aug)
  • "A Note on the Consumption Function", 1935, RES, (Feb)
  • "The Theory of a Single Investment", 1935, QJE, (May)
  • "Professor Knight's Capital Theory: A Note in Reply", 1936, QJE (May)
  • "Time and Investment", 1936, Economica, (May)
  • "Reply on Time and Investment", 1936, Economica (Nov)
  • "Review of E.C. van Dorp, A Simple Theory of Capital, Wages, and Profit or Loss", 1937, EJ  (Sep)
  • "Review of W.L. Valk, Production, Pricing, and Unemployment in the Static State", 1938, EJ (Mar)
  • "Worship and Fellowship", 1938, Friends Intelligencer (Aug 27), p.579.
  • “Making Education Religious", 1938, American Friend (Sep 29), p.408
  • "In Defense of the Supernatural", 1938, Friends Intelligencer (Oct 8), p.677
  • "An Experiment in Friendship", 1938, American Friend, (Dec 22) p.541
  • "Equilibrium and Wealth: A Word of Encouragement to Economists", 1939, Canadian JEPS (Feb)
  • "A Pacifist View of History", 1939, Fellowship (Mar), p.10
  • "In Praise of Maladjustment", 1939, Friends Intelligencer (Aug 12), p.519.
  • "Quantitative Economics - review of J. R. Hicks, Value and Capital and H. Schultz Theory of Measurement of Demand", 1939 Canadian JEPS (Nov)
  • -- 1940 --
  • "In Praise of Selfishness", 1940, Friends Intelligencer, (Mar 2) p.131
  • "What Lies Ahead?" 1940, Colgate Maroon (May 20)
  • "Some Reflections on Stewardship", 1940, American Friend (Oct 24), p.452
  • "A Service of National Importance", 1940, American Friend (Dec 5), p.521
  • "The Pacifism of all Sensible Men", 1940, Friends Intelligencer (Dec 14), p.801.
  • Economic Analysis, 1941 [1948 2nd ed, av], [1955 3rd ed, av], [1966 4th ed, av1; av2].
  • "The Economics of Reconstruction", 1941, American Friend (Apr 24), p.177
  • "In Praise of Danger", 1942, Friend (Jan 9), p.9
  • "Taxation in Wartime: Some Implications for Friends", 1942, American Friend (Apr 9), p.152
  • New Nations for Old, 1942 (pamphlet)
  • A Peace Study Outline: The Practice of the Love of God, 1942 (pamphlet)
  • "A Deepening Loyalty", 1942 Friend (Jun 25), p.467
  • "What Is Loyalty?" 1942, Friends Intelligencer (Jul 4), p.425
  • "The Abolition of Membership", 1942, American Friend (Aug 13), p.351
  • "The Theory of the Firm in the Last Ten Years", 1942, AER, (Dec) .
  • "Personal and Political Peacemaking: Application of the Friends Peace Testimony", 1944, American Friend, p.347.
  • "Desirable Changes in the National Economy After the War", 1944, J of Farm Economics (Feb)
  • "A Liquidity Preference Theory of Market Prices", 1944, Economica (May)
  • "The Incidence of a Profits Tax", 1944, AER (Sep)
  • There is a Spirit: the Nayler Sonnets, 1945 [av] [1998 edition, av].
  • "The Consumption Concept in  Economic Theory", 1945, AER (May)
  • "In Defense of Monopoly", 1945, QJE (Aug)
  • "The Concept of Economic Surplus", 1945, AER (Dec)
  • The Economics of Peace, 1946 [av].
  • "The Inner Light", 1947, Canadian Friend, p.5
  • "A Note on the Theory of the Black Market", 1947, Canadian JEPS (Feb)
  • "Economic Analysis and Agricultural Policy", 1947, Canadian JEPS (Aug)
  • "Samuelson's Foundations: The  Role of Mathematics in Economics", 1948, JPE, (Jun)
  • "Is Economics Necessary?". 1949, Scientific Monthly, (Apr) [repr. in 1968 BE]
  • "Income or Welfare", 1949, RES,
  • -- 1950 --
  • "Collective Bargaining and Fiscal Policy", 1950, AER (May)
  • A Reconstruction of Economics, 1950 [1962 2nd ed] [av].
  • "Asset Identities in Economic Models", 1951, Studies in Income and Wealth [nber]
  • "Can We Control Inflation in a Garrison State", 1951, Social Action (Mar)
  • "Defense and Opulence: the Ethics of International Economics", 1951 AER (May)
  • "Wages as a Share in National Income", 1951, in D. McCord Wright, editor, Impact of the Union,
  • "What About Christian Economics?", 1951, American Friend, p.361
  • Religious Perspectives of College Teaching in Economics, 1951 (pamphlet) [hth]
  • "Implications for General Economics of More Realistic Theories of the Firm", 1952, AER (May)
  • "Welfare Economics", 1952, in B.F. Haley, editor, Survey of Contemporary Economics, v.2, p.1 [av]
  • "Economics as a Social Science", 1952, in Social Sciences at Mid-Century.
  • "Religious Foundations of Economic Progress", 1952, Public Affairs.
  • "A Conceptual Framework for Social Science", 1952, Papers of Michigan Academy of Sci, Arts & Letters.
  • The Organizational Revolution: A study in the ethics of economic organization, 1953.[1968 2nd ed] [abr]
  • "The Fruits of Progress and the Dynamics of Distribution", 1953, AER (May)
  • "Economic Progress as a Goal of Economic Life", 1953, in D. Ward, editor, Goals of Economic Life.
  • "Toward a General Theory of Growth",1953, Canadian JEPS  (Aug)
  • "Economic Issues in International Conflict", 1953, Kyklos,
  • "The Principle of Personal Responsibility", 1954, Rev of Social Economy (Mar)
  • "Twenty-Five Theses on Peace and Trade", 1954, Friend, (Mar) p.23
  • "Contributions of Economics to the Theory of Conflict", 1955, Bulletin of Research Exchange on the Prevention of War (May)
  • "An Economist's View of the Manpower  Concept", 1954, Proceedings of Conference on Utilization of Scientific and Professional Manpower [repr in 1968 BE]
  • "An Application of the Population Analysis to the Automobile Population of the United States", 1955, Kyklos,
  • "The Malthusian Model as a General System", 1955, Social and Economic Studies (Sep)
  • "In Defence of Statics", 1955, QJE (Nov)
  • The Limitations of Mathematics: An epistemological critique, 1955 (Dec 15, summary in Seminar in the Application of Mathematics to the Social Sciences, University of Michigan). [copy, wayback].
  • "Notes on the Information Concept", 1955, Exploration.
  • The Image: Knowledge of life in society, 1956.[abr]
  • "Some Contributions of Economics to the General Theory of Value", 1956, Philosophy of Science (Jan)
  • "Structure and Stability: Economics of the Next Adjustment", 1956, in Policies to Combat Depression [nber]
  • "Economics and the Behavioral Sciences: A Desert Frontier?", 1956, Diogenes.
  • "General Systems Theory: The Skeleton of Science", 1956, Management Science (Apr) [panarchy]
  • "Statement on behalf of the Friends Committee on National Legislation before the Subcommittee of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee" (June 8, 1956) in Control and Reductions of Armaments, Part 8, p.418
  • "Parity, Charity and Clarity", 1956, Michigan Daily (Sep 16).
  • "Economics: the Taming of Mammon", 1956, in L. White, editor, Frontiers of Knowledge in the Study of Man [repr in 1968 BE abr]
  • "Economic Theory: The Reconstruction Reconsidered", 1957, in Segments of the Economy 1956 Symposium.
  • "A New Look at Institutionalism", 1957, AER (May)
  • Sonnets for Elise, 1957
  • "An Editorial: A Discipline of International Relations Conflict", 1957, Journal of Conflict Resolution.
  • "Some Reflections on Inflation and Economic Development", 1957, in Contribuições à Análise do Desenvolvimento Econômico.
  • "Does Absence of Monopoly Power in Agriculture Influence the Stability and Level of Farm Income?", 1957, Papers presented to Subcommittee on Agricultural Policy of the Joint Economic Committee, p.42
  • "Some Contributions of Economics to Theology and Religion", 1957, Religious Education (Nov-Dec)
  • "The Jungle of Hugeness: the Second Age of the Brontosaurus", 1958, Saturday Review (Mar 3).
  • "Democracy and Organization", 1958, Challenge (Mar)
  • "Religion and the Social Sciences", 1958, in E.A. Walter, editor, Religion and the State University.
  • "Secular Images of Man in the Social Sciences", 1958, Religious Education (Mar-Apr)
  • Principles of Economic Policy, 1958 (revised version of 1946) [abr]
  • The Skills of the Economist, 1958 [av]
  • "Foreword to Malthus", 1959, in T.R. Malthus, Population: the First Essay.
  • "Symbols for Capitalism", 1959, Harvard Business Review (Jan-Feb)
  • "National Images and International Systems", 1959, J of Conflict Resolution (Jun)
  • "The Present Position of the Theory of the Firm", 1959, in K.E. Boulding and W.A. Spivey, editors, Linear Programming and the Theory of the Firm.[abr]
  • "The Role of the Economist in a Political World", 1959 (Address delivered at the Economics Club at the University College of the West Indies, November 18th, 1959) [wayback]
  • "The Knowledge of Value and the Value of Knowledge", 1959, in L. Ward, editor, Ethics and the Social Sciences.
  • "Organizing Growth", 1959, Challenge (Dec)
  • -- 1960 --
  • "A Theory of Small Society", 1960, Caribbean Quarterly,
  • "The Domestic Implications of Arms Control", 1960, Daedalus (Fall)
  • "Political Implications of General Systems Research", 1961, in L.v. Bertalanffy and A. Rapoport, editors, General Systems Yearbook.
  • "What Is Economic Progress?", 1961, Cahiers de l'ISEA (Feb)
  • "Reflections on Poverty", 1961, in The Social Welfare Forum.
  • "Some Difficulties in the Concept of Economic Input", 1961, in Output, Input and Productivity Measurement [nber]
  • "Where Do We Go From Here, if Anywhere?", 1961, Proceedings of 14th National Conference on the Administration of Research.
  • "The Public Image of American Economic Institutions", 1961, in R.E. Spiller and E. Larrabee, editors, American Perspectives.
  • "A Pure Theory of Conflict: Applied to Organizations", 1961, in Conflict Management in Organizations
  • "The US and Revolution", 1961, in US and Revolution.
  • "Is Peace Researchable?", 1962, Continuous Learning (Mar-Apr)
  • "The Prevention of World War III", 1962, Virginia Quarterly Review (Winter)
  • "Economic and Accounting: the Uncongenial Twins", 1962, in Baxter and Davidson, editors, Studies in Accounting Theory.
  • "Notes on a Theory of Philanthropy", 1962, in Dickenson, editor, Philanthropy and Public Policy [nber]
  • "The Role of the Price Structure in Economic Development" with Pritam Singh, 1962, AER (May),
  • "Some Questions on the Measurement and Evaluation of Organization", 1962, in H. Cleveland and H.D. Lasswell, editors, Ethics and Bigness.
  • Conflict and Defense: A general theory, 1962 [hth, abr].
  • "The Ethical Perspective", 1962, in N.C. of Churches, Issues of High Moment in Our Changing Economy.
  • "The Relations of Economic, Political and Social Systems", 1962, Social and Economic Studies (Dec)
  • "Social Justice in Social Dynamics", 1962, in R.Brandt, editor, Social Justice.
  • "The Death of the City: A Frightened Look at Post-Civilization", 1963, in O. Handlin and J Burchard, editors, The Historian and the City.
  • "The Uses of Price Theory", 1963, in A.R. Oxenffeldt, editor, Models of Markets.
  • "Agricultural Organizations and Policies: A personal evaluation", 1963, in Farm Goals in Conflict.
  • "The Future Corporation and Public Attitudes, 1963, in The Corporation and its Policies.
  • "Misallocation of Intellectual Resources", 1963, Proceedings of American Philosophical Society.
  • "The Society of Abundance", 1963, in A.E. Walmsley, editor, Church in a Society of Abundance.
  • "The Role of Law in the Learning of Peace", 1963, Proceedings of American Society of International Law.
  • "Towards a Pure Theory of Threat Systems", 1963, AER (May)
  • "Knowledge as an Economic Variable", 1964, Economic Studies Quarterly (Jun)
  • "Capital and Interest", 1964, Encyclopaedia Britannica v.4, p.835.
  • The Meaning of the 20th Century: The Great Transition, 1964 [abr]
  • "The Dimensions of Economic Freedom", 1964, in E. Edwards, editor, Nation's Economic Objectives.
  • "The Economist and the Engineer: Economic Dynamics of Water Resource Development", 1964, in S.C. Smith and E.N. Castle, editors, Economics and Public Policy.
  • "General Systems as a Point of View", 1964, in M. Mesarovic, editor, Views on General Systems Theory.
  • "The Place of the Image in the Dynamics of Society", 1964, in G.K. Zolischan and W. Hirsch, editors, Explorations in Social Change.
  • "Needs and Opportunities in Peace Research and Peace Education", 1964, in Our Generation Against Nuclear War (Oct)
  • "Why Did Gandhi Fail?", 1964, in G. Ramachandran and T.Mahadevan, editors, Gandhi: His Relevance for Our Times.
  • "The Difficult Art of Doing Good", 1965, Colorado Quarterly (Winter)
  • "The Economics of Human Conflict", 1965, in E.B. McNeil, editor, Nature of Human Conflict.
  • "Economic Libertarianism", 1965, Conference on Savings and Residential Financing. [reprinted in 1968 BE abr]
  • "The Medium and the Message",1965, Canadian JEPS (May) (review of MacLuhan)
  • "Population and Poverty", 1965, The Correspondent.
  • "The Communication of Legitimacy", 1965, Channels (Western Michigan Univ) (Spring)
  • "Earth as a Spaceship", 1965 (May 10, 1965, Washington State University, Committee on Space Sciences) [wayback, pdf]
  • "War as a Public Health Problem: Conflict Management as a Key to Survival", 1965, in M. Schweel, editor, Behavioral Science and Human Survival.
  • "Reflections on Protest", 1965, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists (Oct)
  • "The Menace of Methuselah: Possible Consequences of Increased Life Expectancy", 1965, J of Washington Acad of Sci (Oct)
  • "Social Sciences", 1965, in R.M. Hutchins and M.J. Adler, editors, Great Ideas Today.
  • "Research and Development for the Emergent Nations", 1965, in R. Tybout, editor, Ohio State Univ Conf on Economics of Research and Development.
  • "The Changing Framework of American Capitalism", 1965, Challenge (Nov)
  • "War as an Investment: the Strange Case of  Japan", with Alan Gleason, 1965, in W. Isard and J. Walpert, editors, Peace Research Society Papers.
  • "The Ethics of Rational Decision", 1966, Management Science (Feb)
  • "Expecting the Unexpected: The Uncertain Future of Knowledge and Technology", 1966, in E. Morphet and C.O . Ryan, editors, Prospective Changes in Society by 1980.
  • "The Economics of Knowledge and the Knowledge of Economics", 1966, AER (May) (Ely lecture).
  • The Impact of the Social Sciences, 1966 [abr]
  • "The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth", 1966, in H. Jarrett, editor, Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy. [pdf]
  • "The Concept of Need for Health Services", 1966, Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly (Oct)
  • "Economics and Ecology", 1966, F.F. Darling and J.P. Milton, editor, Future Environments in North America.
  • "Is Scarcity Dead?", 1966, Public Interest.
  • "Verifiability of Economic Images", 1966, in S. Krupp, editor, Structure of Economic Science.
  • "Conflict Management as a Learning Process", 1966, in AVS de Reuck and J. Knight, editor, Ciba Foundation Symposium on Conflict in Society.
  • "The Parameters of Politics", 1966, University of Illinois Bulletin (Jul)
  • "Human Resource Development as a Learning Process", 1966-67, Farm Policy Forum.
  • "The Boundaries of Social Policy", 1967, Social Work (Jan)
  • The Mayer/Boulding Dialogue on Peace Research, with Milton Mayer, 1967 [abr]
  • "Evolution and Revolution in the Developmental Process", 1967, in Social Change and Economic Growth.
  • "The Impact of the Draft on the Legitimacy of the National State", 1967, in The Draft: A handbook of facts and alternatives.
  • "The Learning and Reality-Testing Process in the International System", 1967, J of International Affairs.
  • "The Role of the War Industry in International Conflict", 1967, J of Social Issues (Jan)
  • "Am I a Man or a Mouse - Or Both? Review of Lorenz and Ardrey", 1967, War/Peace Report (Mar)
  • "The Basis of Value Judgments in Economics", 1967, in S. Hook, editor, Human Values and Economic Policy.
  • "Dare We Take the Social Sciences Seriously?", 1967, American Behavioral Scientist (Jun)
  • "The Legitimacy of Economics", 1967, Western EJ (Sep)
  • "The Prospects of Economic Abundance", 1967, in J.D. Roslansky, editor, Control of Environment.
  • "The Scientific-Military-Industrial Complex", 1967, Virginia Quarterly Review.
  • "An Economist Looks at the Future of Sociology", 1967, Et Al (Winter)
  • "The Learning Process in the Dynamics of Total Societies", 1967, in S.Z. Klausner, editor, Study of Total Societies.
  • "Technology and the Integrative System", 1967, in C.C. Walton, editor, Today's Changing Society.
  • "The 'Two Cultures'",  1967, in M. Kranzberg and C.W. Pursell, editors, Technology in Western Civilization, v.2
  • "The University and Tomorrow's Civilization", 1967, J of Higher Education (Dec)
  • "Machines, Men, and Religion", 1968, Friends Journal, p.643
  • Beyond Economics: Essays on society, religion and ethics, 1968 [abr].
  • "The 'National' Importance of Human Capital", 1968, in W. Adams, editor, Brain Drain.
  • "America's Economy: The Qualified Uproarious Success", 1968, in J.G. Kirk, editor, America Now.
  • "Grants Versus Exchange in the Support of Education", 1968, Joint Economic Committee of US Congress, Federal Programs for the Development of Human Resources,  p.232
  • "The Legitimation of the Market", 1968, Nebraska J of Econ and Business.
  • "The Role of Economics in the Establishment of Stable Peace",1968, Economisch-Statistische Berichten (Apr 10)
  • "The Dynamics of Society", 1968, Bell Telephone Magazine (May-Jun)
  • ""What Can We Know and Teach About Social Systems?", 1968, Social Science Education Consortium Newsletter (Univ of Colorado), (Jun)
  • "The University as an Economic and Social Unit", 1968, in W.J. Mintner and I.M. Thompson, editor, Colleges and Universities as Agents of Social Change.
  • "Business and Economic Systems", 1968, in J.H. Milsum, Positive Feedback.
  • "Accomplishments and Prospects of the Peace Research Movement", with H. and A. Newcombe, 1968, Arms Control and Disarmament.
  • "The City as an Element of the International System", 1968, Daedalus (Fall)
  • "Revolution and Development", 1968, B. Rothblatt, editor, Changing Perspectives on Man.
  • "Economics as a Moral Science", 1969, AER (May) (presidential address) [pdf]
  • "The Grants Economy", 1969, Michigan Academician.
  • "Statement Before the Sub-Committee on Economy in Government of the Joint Economic Committee of the US Congress", 1969, in Military Budget and National Economic Priorities, p.137.
  • "Economic Education: The Stepchild Too is the Father of the Man", 1969, J of Economic Education.
  • "The Formation of Values as a Process in Human Learning", 1969, in National Research Council, Transportation and Community Values. p.31.
  • "The Fifth Meaning of Love: Notes on Christian Ethics and Social Policy", 1969, Lutheran World (Jul).
  • "The Interplay of Technology and Values: The Emerging Superculture", 1969, in K. Baier and N. Rescher, editors, Values and the Future.
  • "Technology and the Changing Social Order", 1969, in D. Popenoe, editor, Urban-Industrial Frontier.
  • "Research for Peace", 1969, Science Journal (Oct)
  • "Stability in International Systems: The Role of Disarmament and Development", 1969, in R.B. Gray, editor, International Security Systems.
  • "The Role of Legitimacy in the Dynamics of Society", 1969, pamphlet, Pennsylvania State University.
  • "Die Zukunft als Moglichkeit", 1969, Bauwalt (Dec) [English trans. "The Future as Chance and Design", in 1974, Collected Papers, v.4]
  • -- 1970 --
  • "The Task of the Teacher in the Social Sciences", 1970, in W.H. Morris, editor, Effective College Teaching.
  • "Is Economics Culture-Bound?", 1970, AER (May)
  • "The Deadly Industry: War and the International System", 1970, in Boulding, editor, Peace and the War Industry. [abr]
  • "The Balance of Peace", 1970, Papers of Peace Research Society.
  • "Can There Be a National Policy for Stable Peace?". 1970, AAUW Journal (May),
  • "The Philosophy of Peace Research", 1970, Proceedings of the International Peace Research Association Third Conference.
  • A Primer on Social Dynamics: History as dialectics and development, 1970 [av].
  • The Prospering of Truth, 1970.
  • Economics as a Science, 1970.
  • "Fun and Games with the Gross National Product: The role of misleading indicators in social policy", 1970, in H.W. Helfrich, Environmental Crisis.
  • "War Industry and the American Economy", 1970, Dept of Economics, North Illinois University
  • "Factors Affecting the Future Demand for Education", 1970, in R. Johns, editor, Economic Factors Affecting the Financing of Education, p.1 [pdf]
  • "The Misallocation of Intellectual Resources in Economics", 1971, in I.L. Horowitz, editor, The Use and Abuse of Social Science.
  • "After Samuelson, Who Needs Adam Smith?", 1971, HOPE.
  • "The Meaning of Human Betterment", 1971, Nebraskas J of Econ and Bus (Spr)
  • "Environment and Economics", 1971, in Murdock, editor, Environment, Resources, Pollution and Society.
  • "The Need for Reform of National Income Statistics", 1971, Proceedings of ASA.
  • "Man as a Commodity", 1972, in I. Berg, editor, Human Resources and Economic Welfare.
  • "The Future of Personal Responsibility", 1972, American Behavioral Scientist (Jan-Feb)
  • "The Schooling Industry as a Possibly Pathological Section of the American Economy", 1972, Review of Educational Research (Apr)
  • "New Goals for Society?", 1972, in S.H. Schurr, editor, Energy, Economic Growth and Environment.
  • "Towards the Development of Cultural Economics”, 1972, Social Science Quarterly (Sep)
  • "Towards a Twenty-First Century Politics", 1972, Colorado Quarterly (Winter)
  • Collected Papers, five volumes, 1971-75.
  • "Grants Economics: A Simple Introduction", with M. Pfaff and J. Horvath, 1972, American Economist.
  • "Future Directions", with M. Pfaff, 1972, in Boulding and Pfaff editors, Redistribution to the Rich and the Poor: the grants economics of income distribution [abr]
  • "Urbanization and Grants Economy: An introduction", with M. Pfaff and A. Pfaff, 1973, in Transfers in an Urbanized Economy: Theories and effects of the grants economy [abr].
  • The Economy of Love and Fear: A Preface to Grants Economics, 1973 [abr] [1981 edition, abr]
  • Toward a General Social Science, 1974
  • "Imagining Failure, Successfully", 1974, Technology Review (Jun)
  • "Reflections on Planning: The Value of Uncertainty", 1974, Technology Review (Oct-Nov) [reprint]
  • Sonnets from the Interior Life and Other Autobiographical Verse, 1975 [abr]
  • "The Evaluation of Large Systems", 1975, Technology Review (May)
  • "The High Price of Technology Misused", 1975, Technology Review (Jul)
  • "Know-How and the Price of Cheese", 1976, Technology Review (Apr) [reprint]
  • "Economics for Good or Evil", 1976, Technology Review (Jul)
  • Adam Smith as an Institutional Economist, 1976 Seidman lecture (Apr 29) [rhodes]
  • "This Sporting Life", 1977, Technology Review (Feb)
  • "Looking a Gift Horse in the Mouth", 1977, Technology Review (Mar-Apr)
  • "Taxes Can be Fun" 1976, Technology Review (Jun)
  • Ecodynamics: A new theory of societal evolution, 1978 [abr].
  • Stable Peace, 1978.
  • "To Cultivate Our Garden", 1978, Technology Review (May)
  • "Symbol, Substance, and the Moral Economy", 1978, Technology Review (Nov)
  • "A Grading Experience", 1979, Technology Review (Oct)
  • -- 1980 --
  • Beasts, Ballads and Bouldingisms: A collection of writings by Kenneth E. Boulding, 1980 (Richard P. Beilock, editor) [abr].
  • The Social System of the Planet Earth, with E. Boulding and G.M. Burgess, 1980 [abr]
  • "An Evolutionary View of Technology Forecasting", 1980, Technology Review (Feb)
  • "Economics in Disarray", 1980, Technology Review (May)
  • "Defending Whom from What?”, 1981, Technology Review (Jun)
  • Evolutionary Economics, 1981 [abr]
  • "A New Face for the Democratic Party", 1982, Technology Review (Feb)
  • "The Role of Government in a Free Society", 1982, Technology Review (May)
  • "Evolutionary Economics", 1983, Journal of Business Ethics.
  • "Foreword", 1984, in K.E. Boulding, editor, Economics of Human Betterment.
  • "How Do Things Go from Bad to Better?", 1984, in K.E. Boulding, editor, Economics of Human Betterment.
  • "Puzzles Over Distribution", 1985, Challenge.
  • The World as a Total System, 1985 [abr].
  • Human Betterment, 1985 [abr]
  • "Comment & Discussions" 1985, in Morality of the Market: Religious and Economic Perspectives. [abr]
  • "The Arts Applied to Economics", 1985, in W.L. Owen and W. Hendon,editors, Managerial Economics for the Arts.
  • Placing a Value on the Arts, 1986, World Conference on Arts, Politics and Business (Jul 22)
  • "What Went Wrong with Economics?", 1986, American Economist.
  • Mending the World: Quaker Insights on the Social Order, 1986.
  • The Three Faces of Power, 1989 [abr].
  • The Structure of a Modern Economy: the United States, 1929-89, 1989
  • "A Biographical Autobiography", 1989, BNLQR.
  • -- 1990 --
  • "What Do We Want to Sustain? Environmentalism and Human Evaluations", 1991, in R. Costanza editor, Ecological Economics
  • Towards a New Economics: Critical Essays on Ecology, Distribution and Other Themes, 1992
  • "From Chemistry to Economics and Beyond" 1992, in M. Szenberg, editor Eminent Economists.
  • Sonnets from Later Life 1981–1993, 1994 [abr]
  • The Future, images and processes, with Elise Boulding, 1995.
  • -- 2000 --
  • The Practice of the Love of God, 2004.
  • "Economic Development as an Evolutionary System" (undated) [wayback]
  • "Outline: The Pollution of Information" (undated) [wayback]
  • "Summary: Contemporary Research in Economics" (undated) [wayback]
  • "Toward a World Social Contract" (undated) [wayback]
  • "Note on the Role of Social Science in Economic Development" (undated) [wayback]
  • H.S. Ellis (1948) Survey of Contemporary Economics v1. [av]
  • B.F. Haley (1952) Survey of Contemporary Economics v.2 [av]
  • Boulding & Stigler Readings in Price Theory [av]S.E. Harris The New Economics, 1947 [av, av]

HET

 

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Resources on K.E. Boulding

  • K.E. Boulding's Homepage at CSF, Colorado. (defunct) [wayback]
  • Born Remembering by Elise Boulding, 1975. [abr]
  • Kenneth Boulding by Robert Scott, 2015.
  • "Kenneth Ewart Boulding, 1910-1993: Biographical Memoir" by Nathan Keyfitz, 1994, at NAS [nas, pdf version]
  • K.E. Boulding in a Disciplinary Matrix Context - interesting! (defunct)
  • Bibliography of Kenneth E. Boulding (defunct) [wayback][wayback: 1932-49, 1950-67, 1968-1991].
  • "Boulding Quits GOP" - a news report from January 22, 1982 [wayback].
  • "Quotes from K.E. Boulding" selected by John Roper [wayback].
  • "Boulding's Important Departures From Mainstream Economics" by Tracy Mott and Don Roper [wayback]
  • "Kenneth Boulding: Economics from a Different Perspective", by Roger M. Troub, 1978, JEI.
  • "Kenneth Boulding, 1910-1993" by Tracy Mott, 2000 EJ (Jun)
  • "Review of Mending the World" in Friends Bulletin, (Sep 1986) p.18 [av]
  • "Review of the Image" in Current Contents, 1988 [pdf]
  • Summary of the Image at Beyond Intractability [site]
  • "Kenneth E. Boulding" page by David Latzko at Penn State [psu].
  • International Society for Systems Science (ISSS) [website]
  • "Was Kenneth Boulding an Evolutionary Economist, a Systems Theorist, or Both?" by Joseph E. Pluta, 2011 [ssrn]
  • "Kenneth Boulding's theories of evolutionary economics and organizational change: a reconstruction", Vladislav Valentinov, 2015, JEI [rgate]
  • Wiki

 

 
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