[Eco]nomics - Lectures
Lecture 1 -
How to Unf★ck Intellectual Property
In this first episode in the Institute for New Economic Thinking’s “How
to Unf★ck America” series, Dr. Dean Baker review the issue of intellectual
property.
Baker tells the dirty secret of the great billionaires of the modern age:
they wouldn’t exist without intellectual property (IP), that is the copyright and patent monopolies guaranteed to private actors by
the government.
IP laws have been expanded and strengthened in recent years, making patent & copyright
monopolies longer and stronger and enabling the vast fortunes of billionaires in computers, software, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment
etc.
Baker diagnoses the role of intellectual property (IP) in the
accumulation of wealth for pharmaceutical companies and how that translates
excessively high drug prices, and wasteful spending on marketing and
lawsuits. IP laws were intended to subsidize
innovation for social benefit, but they have been transformed into
tools to accumulate and protect enormous private wealth. The
modern protections of IP have become excessive and may not be the most
fruitful producer of research and development beneficial for society.
What's the fix? Dean’s proposals include direct public funding of open
research & development, rather than rely on IP alone, which will allow the development of
generics. He proposes the introduction of a Copyright Tax Credit to
support innovation and creative work as a temporary alternative to copyright. Meaning creators and artists could sign for a tax credit to fund their
projects, but forego copyright for a set number of years. |
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Resources for Lecture 1 - How to Unf★ck
Intellectual Property (INET
Video #1)
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Resources online
Resources (some non-free or restricted)
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Dean Baker (2016) Rigged: How Globalization and the Rules of
the Modern Economy Were Structured to Make the Rich Richer.
Washington DC: CEPR [dbaker,
amzn],
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Dean Baker and Jared Bernstein (2013) Getting Back to Full
Employment: A Better Bargain for Working People. Washington
DC: CEPR. [dbaker,
amzn].
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Dean Baker (2011) The End of Loser Liberalism: Making Markets
Progressive. Washington DC: CEPR . [dbaker,
amzn].
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Dean Baker (2010) Taking Economics Seriously. Cambridge,
Mass: MIT Press. [dbaker,
mit,
amzn]
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Dean Baker (2010) False Profits: Recovering from the Bubble
Economy. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. [dbaker,
amzn]
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Dean Baker (2009) Plunder and Blunder: The Rise and Fall of
the Bubble Economy. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. [dbaker,
amzn]
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Dean Baker (2007) The United States since 1980.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [dbaker,
amzn]
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Dean Baker (2006) The Conservative Nanny State: How the
Wealthy Use the Government to Stay Rich and Get Richer.
Washington DC: CEPR. [dbaker,
amzn]
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Dean Baker and Mark Weisbrot (1999) Social Security: The
Phony Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[dbaker,
amzn]
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Resources online
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US Constitution, Article 1 Section 8. [const]
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Resources online
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"Qualifying for Pediatric Exclusivity Under Section 505A of the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act", US Food & Drug
Administration (FDA) [fda]
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Resources online
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"U.S. prescription drug spending to hit $400 billion a year by
2020: IMS" Reuters, (Apr 14, 2016) [reuters]
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"Cost gap widens between brand-name, generic drugs", MDEdge
Internal Medicine (Apr 12, 2019) [mdedge]
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"GDP & Personal Income" at Bureau of Economic Administration
(BEA) [bea]
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Resources online
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"A Quick Guide to SNAP Eligibility and Benefits", Center for
Budget and Policy Priorities (Jan 6, 2022) [cbpp]
- "A 2022 Review of the Farm Bill: Stakeholder Perspectives on
Title IV SNAP Provisions, testmony ot Ty Jones ox" CBPP (Jun 8,
2022) [cbpp]
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Resources online
- "Bill Gates" profile at Fortune [fortune]
- "Larry Ellison" at Fortune [fortune]
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- Skill-biased technological change
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Resources (non-free or restricted)
- "Skill-Biased Technical Change" by Govanni L. Volante
(2002), New Palgrave, 2nd edition [springer]
- Eli Berman, John Bound, Stephen Machin (1998) "Implications
of Skill-Biased Technological Change: International Evidence",
Quarterly Journal of Economics. (Nov) [qje]
- David Card and John DiNardo (2002) "Skill‐Biased
Technological Change and Rising Wage Inequality: Some Problems
and Puzzles", Journal of Labor Economics (Oct) [jlabe].
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- Cost of prescription drugs
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Resources online
- "Millions of Older Americans Can't Afford Their
Prescriptions", AARP Medicare Resource Center (Jan 19, 2022)
[aarp]
- "Prescription Drugs: Spending, Use, and Prices", CBO (Jan
2022) [cbo]
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Resources online
- "Overdose Death Rates", National Institute on Drug Abuse,
NIH, [nih]
- "Opioid Manufacturer Purdue Pharma Pleads Guilty to Fraud
and Kickback Conspiracies", US Department of Justice (release
Nov 24, 2020) [jgov]
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- Pharmaceutical industry advertising
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Resources (non-free or restricted)
- "Pharmaceutical industry TV advertising spending in the
United States from 2016 to 2020", Statista [statista]
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Resources online
- "U.S. COVID-19 map: What do the trends mean for you?" at
Mayo Clinic [mayo]
- "Compromise reached on COVID-19 vaccine intellectual
property rights waiver", by Ashleigh Furlong, Politico (Mar 15,
2022), [politico]
- "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix" by Brink
Lindsey (June 3, 2021), Brookings Institution[brookings]
- "Covid global death count" at Google search [google]
- Covid-19 Dashboard Map at the Johns Hopkins University [jhu]
- WHO Covid dashboard [who]
- "Coronavius (Covid-19) deaths", in Our World in Data [owid]
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Resources online
- "How Much Does Spotify Pay Per Stream in 2022", Ditto Music
(May 25, 2022) [ditto]
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↑ Lecture 1 |
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List
Lecture 2 -
How to Unf★ck Unemployment
In this second episode in the Institute for New Economic Thinking’s “How
to Unf★ck America” series, Dr. Dean Baker review the issue of full
employment.
Dr. Baker explains how the employment rate in the economy is a matter of
the government's fiscal and monetary policy. Baker contrasts the
macroeconomic insights of John Maynard Keynes vs. the more recent views of
Milton Friedman when it comes to government spending, unemployment, and
inflation. Baker goes on analyze the Federal Reserve's role with
particular attention to the decision of recent board chairs (Volker,
Greenspan, Bernanke, Yellen, and
Powell) on setting interest rates (federal funds rate) and the policy
goals they have targeted.
Baker explains how fiscal and monetary policy has lately focused more on
limiting budget deficits and fighting inflation, rather than maintaining
high levels of employment. Abandonment of post-war Keynesian full
employment policy, and embrace of the Monetarist NAIRU fiction since
1980, has allowed the US
government (and the Federal Reserve in particular) to engineer
recessions and tolerate excessively high levels of
unemployment.
What's the fix? Dean proposes to restore full employment as a
macroeconomic policy goal and ensure that workers at the middle and bottom
of the wage ladder have the bargaining power to secure wage gains. The Federal Reserves should be focused on maintaining full
employment, rather than being obsessed with inflation and prematurely
raising rates to the detriment of employment and labor markets.
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Resources for Lecture 2 - How to Unf★ck
Unemployment (INET
Video #2)
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- Keynes and aggregate demand
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Resources online
HET pages
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HET pages
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Resources online
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"Explainer on the Non-accelerating Inflation Rate of
Unemployment" at Reserve Bank of Australia [rba]
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"Natural Rate of Unemployment (discontinued)" Federal Reserve of
St. Louis, FRED [fred]
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James K. Galbraith (1997) "Time to Ditch the Nairu", JEP [aea]
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Laurence Ball & N. Gregory Mankiw (2002) "The NAIRU in Theory
and Practice", JEP [aea,
hvd]
HET pages
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Resources online
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"Hyperinflation" by Michael D. Salemi [econlib]
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Resources online
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Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve [fed]
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"Paul Volcker" at Fed History [fedhist]
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"President's Message: Volcker's Handling of the Great Inflation
Taught Us Much", by William Poole, FRB St. Louis, 2005 [frbstl]
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Marvin Goodfried and Robert G. King (2005) "The incredible
Volcker disinflation", JME [pdf].
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- Federal Reserve monetary policy
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Resources online
- "Alan Greenspan" at Fed History [fedhist]
- "Janet Yellen" at Fed History [fedhist]
- "Jerome H. Powell" a Fed History [fedhist]
- "Federal Funds rate" at FRED, Federal Reserve of St. Louis [fred]
- "Effective Federal Funds Rate" at FRB New York [frbny]
- "Greenspan Defends Rate Hikes at Senate Hearing",
Washington Post (May 28, 1994) [wapo]
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Resources online
- "Employment-Population Ratio" at BLS [bls]
- Unemployment rates 1975-2010, [bls]
- BLS Navigator at INET ED [ineted]
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Resources online
- Real wage growth by decile data, EPI [epi]
- Sate of Working America, 2021, EPI [epi]
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↑ Lecture 2 |
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List
Lecture 3 -
How to Unf★ck CEO Pay
In this third episode in the Institute for New Economic Thinking’s “How
to Unf★ck America” series, Dr. Dean Baker reviews the issue of CEO pay. Dr.
Baker explains how CEO pay has increased enormously over the past four
decades while shareholder returns have remained low. Weak corporate
governance has allowed management to 'capture' corporate boards – and push
through massive executive pay increases.
Baker shows how in many cases executive compensation has nothing to do with
the return to shareholders. Baker breaks down the CEO
pay scam into four part: patterns of CEO pay, the alternative argument for
CEO pay, evidence that CEOs are overpaid, and why it matters. He addresses
straightforward questions about CEO-to-worker compensation ratio, why is it
so high, and whether it reflects a fair market or highway robbery? While providing a brief
explanation of why CEO pay increases may be justified, he provides evidence
that CEOs do not earn their pay. Special emphasis is on the relationship
between the CEO and shareholders and the lack of consequences for famous CEOs like Robert Nardelli, John Stumpf, Dennis Muilenburg.
In the final section, Baker prescribes possible fixes to CEO pay such as
using a "say on pay" legislation, giving minority shareholders more of a
say, mutual fund proxy votes, and higher marginal tax rates. |
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Resources for Lecture 3 - How to Unf★ck
CEO Pay (INET
Video #3)
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Resources online
- "CEO pay has skyrocketed 1,322% since 1978" by Lawrence
Mishel and Jori Kandra, EPI (Aug 10, 2021) [epi]
- "The New Path To the C-Suite" by Boris Groysberg, L. Kevin
Kelly, and Bryan MacDonald, HBR Magazine (March 2011)[hbr]
- "C-suite" at Investopedia [ipedia]
- "CEO Pay: Highway Robbery or a Fair Market?" by Tom Wilson,
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law (Dec 4, 2019) [fordham]
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Resources online
- "Are CEOs Rewarded for Luck? The ones without principles
are" by Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan (2001),
QJE (Aug) [pdf]
- Worldwide Governance Indicators [worldbank]
- "Growth through Rigidity: An Explanation for the Rise in CEO
Pay" Kelly Shue & Richard Townsend (2016), NBER [nber]
- "Does tax deductibility affect CEO pay? The case of the
health insurance industry" by Jessica Schied and Dean Baker (Mar
22, 2018), EPI [epi]
Resources (non-free or restricted)
- "Do Firm and State Antitakeover Provisions Affect How Well
CEOs Earn Their Pay?", by Scott W. Barnhart, Michael F. Spivey
and John C. Alexander, (2000), Managerial and Decision
Economics (Dec) [jstor]
- "Growth through rigidity: An explanation for the rise in CEO
pay" by Kelly Shue & Richard R.Townsend (2017), J of Financial
Economics (Jan) [scidir]
- "Shareholder perceptions of the changing impact of CEOs:
Market reactions to unexpected CEO deaths, 1950–2009" by Timothy
J. Quigley, Craig Crossland and Robert J. Campbell (2017),
Strategic Management Journal [wiley]
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Resources online
- Robert Nardelli at Wikipedia [wiki]
- "Nardelli out at Home Depot" at CNN Money (Jan 3, 2007) [cnn]
- John Stumpf [wiki]
- "Wells Fargo CEO walks with $130 million" CNN Business (Oct
13, 2016) [cnn]
- Dennis Muillenberg [wiki]
- "Boeing Charged with 737 Max Fraud Conspiracy and Agrees to
Pay over $2.5 Billion", US Dept of Justice News (Jan 7, 2021) [usdoj]
Resources (non-free or restricted)
- "The Price of Wells Fargo's Fake Account Scandal Grows by $3
Billion" NY Times (Feb 21, 2020) [nytimes]
- "Fired Boeing C.E.O. Muilenburg Will Get More Than $60
Million", NY Times (Jan 10, 2020) [nytimes]
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Resources online
- "Reining in CEO compensation and curbing the rise of
inequality", by Dean Baker, Josh Bivens and Jessica Schieder
(June 4, 2019) EPI [epi]
- "Executive Pay and the Challenges for Boards of Directors"
Ius Laboris, (Jan 28, 2021) [iuslaboris]
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Resources online
- "President's Message: Volcker's Handling of the Great
Inflation Taught Us Much", by William Poole, FRB St. Louis, 2005
[frbstl]
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Resources online
- "Minority Interest" at Investopedia [ipedia]
Resources (non-free or restricted)
- "Minority Shareholders", papers at Science-Direct [sci-dir]
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- Say on Pay and other reforms
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Resources online
- "Investor Bulletin: Say-on-Pay and Golden Parachute Votes",
SEC [sec]
- "Shareholders don't often vote against huge CEO pay", ABC
News (April 19, 2012) [abc]
- "Investors Are Finally Pushing Back on Massive CEO Pay
Hikes", Time (June 9, 2022) [time]
- "Mutual Fund Proxy Voting Records and Policies" at SEC [sec]
- "Historical U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates &
Brackets, 1862-2021", Tax Foundation [taxfound]
- "Charties and Nonprofits" - tax-exempt deductions at IRS [irs]
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↑ Lecture 3 |
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List
Lecture 4 -
How to Unf★ck Finance
In this fourth episode in the Institute for New Economic Thinking's "How
to Unf★ck America" series, Dr. Dean Baker reviews the issue of financial
sector. Since the 1980s, the financial sector has been permitted to expand
greatly, with deregulation and practically no taxes. This was all done
in the hope of improving efficiency in the allocation of capital and the
economy overall. But Dr. Baker shows that while the financial sector has
grown, it has not fulfilled its promise - it has not improved productivity,
it ties up and wastes a lot of resources, it produces periodic socially
devastating crises and relies on government to bail out its poor decisions,
it has generated vast individual fortunes at the top unjustified by its
returns. The financial sector is bloated and broken. What's
the fix? Dr. Baker recommends a financial transaction tax (FTT) to curb its
reckless growth, improved competition in financial services, including
government-provided retirement and bank accounts, better regulation of
financial products, and ending the favorable tax treatment of hedge funds
and private equity. |
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Resources for Lecture 2 - How to Unf★ck
Finance (INET
Video #4)
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- 1. Purpose of the financial sector
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Resources online
- "Efficient Market Hypothesis" at Investopedia [ipedia]
- "Efficient Markets" by Steven L. Jones and Jeffry M. Netter
at EconLib [econlib]
HET pages
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- 2. Financial markets are bloated and broken
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Resources online
- "Reassessing the impact of finance on growth" by Stephen G
Cecchetti and Enisse Kharroubi, 2012, BIS working paper no.381. [bis]
- "The Slowdown in Productivity Growth" by E. Moss, R. Nunn
and J. Sahambaugh, Hamilton Project & Brookings Institution [brookings]
- GDP & Personal Income data, Bureau of Economic Analysis
(BEA) [bea]
- BEA Compensation by Industry at StatsIndiana [stats]
- "Inequality 101" video lectures by Branko Milanovic &
Arjun Jayadev [INET
video,
youtube; HET page].
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- Financial transactions tax (FTT)
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Resources online
- Financial Transactions Tax (FTT) [sifma]
- "What is a financial transaction tax?" by Aaron Klein, 2020,
Brookings [brookings]
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Resources online
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"Causes of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis", at the Balance [balance]
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"Banks that were too Big to Fail" at Balance [balance]
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"What was the Great Depression?" at Investopedia [ipedia]
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) [fdic]
Resources (non-free or restricted)
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A. R. Sorkin (2009) Too Big to Fail: The Inside Story of How
Wall Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System
[amzn]
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- 4. Greater competition in financial services
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Resources online
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Social Security Administration (SSA) administrative expenses [ssa]
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"How much should you pay in 401(k) plan fees?", by N. Willson,
2020, Guideline to Retirement [guideline]
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"Central Banking for All: A Public Option for Bank Accounts", by
M. Rocks, J. Crawford and Lev Menand, 2018, Roosevelt Institute
[roosevelt]
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"Why Federal Reserve should offer bank accounts to everyone",
Vanderbilt news [vanderbilt]
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- 5. Efficiency of government regulation
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Resources online
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"The Dramatic Racial Bias of Subprime Lending During the Housing
Boom", Blooomberg (Aug 16, 2013)[bloomberg]
- "Assessing the Bankruptcy Law of 2005", 2019, IPR,
Northwestern [northwestern]
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- 6. Hedge funds and private equity funds
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Resources online
- "What is a hedge fund?" at Investopedia [ipedia]
- "What is carried interest, and how is it taxed?" at Tax
Policy Center [taxpolicy]
- "Capital Gains tax", at IRS [irs]
- "2 and 20 (Hedge Fund fees)" at Corporate Finance Institute
(CFI) [cfi]
- "Private equity explained" at Investopedia [ipedia]
- "How do returns on Private Equity compare to other
investment returns?" [ipedia]
- "Is Private Equity Overrated?", New York Times (December 4,
2021) [nytimes]
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↑ Lecture 4 |
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List
Lecture 5 -
How to Unf★ck Employment
In this fifth episode in the Institute for New Economic Thinking’s “How
to Unf★ck America” series, Dr. Dean Baker reviews the issue of employment
and wage disparity. Competition isn't for everyone. Over the
past forty years, US trade deals have been negotiated to expose
manufacturing workers to international competition and put downward pressure
on their wages, while protecting high end professionals from both domestic
and foreign competition. This has increased wage disparity and
inequality between low and highly educated workers in the US. Dr. Baker
compares the salaries for high end professionals (physicians, lawyers,
dentists, etc.) on the income distribution. Barriers to entry like
licensing regulations have been put in place to protect high-earning medical
practitioners from both domestic and foreign competition. Insurance
regulations allows specialists to set their own compensation. Lawyer
incomes benefit from unnecessary complexity in legal processes, tax codes
and intellectual property laws. These are all state policies that have
protected the earnings of highly educated professionals.
By contrast, manufacturing jobs have declined in the US, and there has
been downward pressure on the wages of less-educated workers. Much of
it is due to the increased competition brought about by foreign trade deals
negotiated over the past few decades. This was a conscious policy
choice. The absolute decline in incomes in low-wage sectors was already
predicted by the famous Stolper-Samuelson theorem in international trade
theory.
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Resources for Lecture 5 - How to Unf★ck
Employment (INET
Video #5)
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- High-end professionals in income distribution
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Resources online
- "Physician salary report 2022: Physician income rising
again", by Heather Stewart, Weatherby (May 19, 2022) [weatherby]
Resources (non-free or restricted)
- "The Beginning of the End of the Census?" New York Times
(May 20, 2012)[nytimes]
- "Higher Fees Paid To US Physicians Drive Higher Spending For
Physician Services Compared To Other Countries" by M. J.
Laugesen and S.A. Glied (2011) Health Affairs (Sep) [healthaffairs]
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Resources online
- "Average earning of production employees by sector", BLS [bls]
- "Average earning of production employees by sector", FRED [fred]
- "Forty years of falling manufacturing employment" by
Katelynn Harris, 2020, Beyond the Numbers, BLS [bls]
- "The relative weakness in earnings of production workers in
manufacturing, 1990–2018", Monthly Labor Review, BLS (De 2019)
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Resources online
- "Trade Agreements" at US Trade Representative [ustr]
- "Trade in goods with the world", US foreign trade balance at
US Census [census]
- "International comparison of hourly compensation costs in
manufacturing", BLS [bls]
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Resources online
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"Doctors With Borders: How the U.S. Shuts Out Foreign
Physicians", by Philip Sopher, Atlantic (Nov 18, 2014)
[atlantic]
- "Calculating Medicare Fee Schedule Rates", ASHA [asha]
- "Physician salary in New York, NY", at Indeed.com [indeed]
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Resources online
- "The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem" at EconomicsDiscussions [econdisc]
- "Stolper-Samuelson Theorem" at Encyclopedia.com [enc]
- "Stolper-Samuelson Theorem" at Wikipedia [wiki]
Resources (non-free or restricted)
- Paul A. Samuelson and Wolfgang F. Stolper (1941) "Protection
and Real Wages", RES [jstor].
- "An inconvenient iota of truth", The Economist (Aug
6, 2016) [econ]
HET pages
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↑ Lecture 5 |
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List
Lecture 6 -
How to Unf★ck Inequality
In this sixth and final episode in the Institute for New Economic Thinking's
"How
to Unf★ck America" series, Dr. Dean Baker reviews the issue of inequality,
broadly speaking. Dr. Dean Baker revisits the policy implications of the
series, the changes that the US, as a country, can make to "unf★k America",
so it is no longer rigged to produce more inequality. As Dr. Baker reminds
us, if we want to, we can restructure markets differently to produce better
results.
What are the fixes? Lower the age for Medicare and expand Medicaid, add a public option to
buy in, greatly diminish the role of patents and create a free market, and
price controls on patented drugs. He also suggests policies can be pursued at the state and
local level, like increasing minimum wage, unemployment insurance, creative
work tax credits, and increase corporate tax rates. He also emphasizes
the need for more democratic decision making in private institutions. Finally,
"think like
a Republican", but not in the way you think! Baker advises reformers to fight
strategically, and with full force, for an economy that works for everyone, not
just the rich.
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Resources for Lecture 6 - How to Unf★ck
Inequality (INET
Video #6)
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- Need to create small steps
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Resources online
-
"Inequality 101" video lectures by Branko Milanovic &
Arjun Jayadev [INET
video,
youtube; HET page].
- "How Might Lowering the Medicare Age Affect Medicaid
Enrollees?", KFF (Jun 10, 2022) [kff]
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- Implement policies at state or local level
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Resources online
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"Utilizing Tax Incentives to Cultivate Cultural Industries and
Spur Arts-Related Development", 2007 report, Mt Auburn
Associates
[mtauburn]
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"State Corporate Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2021" by
Janelle Fitts, 2021, Tax Foundation
[taxfoundation]
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- Making private foundations productive
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Resources online
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"An Open Letter to Hobbyists", by Bill Gates, 1976
[genius]
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Resources online
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"Roe v Wade at 40: Republicans more conservative than ever about
abortion", Guardian, (Jan 22, 2013).
[guardian]
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Adverse selection [ipedia]
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"Why Does Medicare Advantage Work Better Than Marketplaces?",
Urban Institute, (Jan 2018)
[urbaninst]
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"401(k) vs. Pension Plan: What's the Difference?"
[ipedia]
-
Public Plans Database
[publicplans]
Resources (non-free or restricted)
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"Adverse Selection In The Medicare Prescription Drug Program" by
G.F. Riley, J.M. Levy and M. A. Montgovmery, 2009, Health
Affairs
[healthaffairs]
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↑ Lecture 6 |
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List
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